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Osteoarthritis (OA), known as degenerative joint disease, involves both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The progression of the diseased joint includes articular cartilage fibrillation, fissure and partial erosion, full thickness loss of articular cartilage and ends with bone exposed, and sclerosis of subchondral bone. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling and reduced motion in angle and extent. It can occur in any joint, but usually it affects hands, knees, hips or spine. A variety of causes – hereditary, developmental, metabolic, and mechanical – may initiate processes leading to loss of cartilage. OA is the most common form of arthritis, and the leading cause of chronic disability. It affects about 40 million people in the United States.
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